Here is the full list of all 76 Cave Story+ achievements.
Obtained the Bubbline!
Normal Ending
Defeated the Undead Core!
Defeated the Muscle Doctor!
Defeated the Doctor!
Defeated Misery!
Defeated the Twin Dragons!
Found and collected all Missile upgrades
Defeated Ironhead!
Defeated the Core!
Obtained the Turbocharge!
Obtained the Super Missile Launcher!
Defeated Balrog, yet again...
Obtained the Machine Gun!
Obtained the Blade!
Obtained the Life Pot!
Defeated Curly...
Defeated Omega!
Defeated Toroko...
Defeated Puu Black!
Defeated Monster X!
Beat Omega with Jenka's Puppy
Accumulated XX,XXX of damage
Defeated Balfrog!
Defeated Balrog, again...
Obtained the Fireball!
Defeated Igor!
Obtained the Missile Launcher!
Defeated Balrog!
Obtained the Map System!
Obtained the Polar Star!
Obtained the Snake!
Obtained the Spur!
Obtained the Nemesis!
Obtained Chako's Lip Stick!
Obtained the Tow Rope!
Obtained Curly's Panties!
Obtained the Whimsical Star!
Obtained the Arms Barrier!
Obtained the Alien Medal!
Obtained the 290 Counter!
Found Mister Little!
Obtained Ma Pignon!
Obtained the Iron Bond!
Defeated the Red Ogre!
Defeated G-Clone!
Defeated Heavy Press!
Defeated Ballos!
Bad Ending
Mask Mimiga Ending
No Life Capsules (Good Ending)
No Life Capsules (Best Ending)
Completed Easy Mode
Completed Hard Mode
Completed Blood Stained Sanctuary
Completed Blood Stained Sanctuary in Less Than 3:00
Completed Blood Stained Sanctuary in Less Than 4:00
Completed Blood Stained Sanctuary in Less Than 5:00
Completed Blood Stained Sanctuary in Less Than 6:00
Completed Boss Attack
Completed Boss Attack in Less Than 8:00
Completed Boss Attack in Less Than 10:00
Completed Boss Attack in Less Than 12:00
Completed Boss Attack in Less Than 15:00
Completed Wind Fortress in Less Than 4:00
Completed Wind Fortress in Less Than 5:00
Completed Wind Fortress in Less Than 6:00
Completed Wind Fortress in Less Than 7:00
Played Cave Story on April 29th!
Spared Eggfish
Saved Curly Brace
Returned Mister Little back home
Found and collected all Life Capsules
Beat by Toroko
For the rest of us!