Here is the full list of all 38 Factorio achievements. It takes around 200 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Win the game by crafting no more than 111 items manually.
Destroy 10k trees with fire
Take 500 damage in one hit and survive.
Win the game without building Laser turret.
Win the game without using a solar panel.
Get 100 combat robots following you
Destroy 10 spawners by impact.
Research all technologies
Get killed by moving Locomotive
Build Diesel locomotive within first 1 hour and 30 minutes of the game.
Win the game without building Active provider chest and requester chest.
Finish the game
Produce more than 10 MJ energy per hour without the usage of Steam engine.
Construct more machines using robots than manually.
Produce 5k Processing units per hour.
Produce 400k Iron plates per hour.
Produce 25k Advanced circuits per hour.
Produce 1M electronic circuits
Produce 200k Iron plates per hour
Produce 10k Advanced circuits per hour.
Produce 1.0k Processing units per hour.
Produce 500 Processing units per hour.
Have a train plan a path 1000 tiles or longer.
Build Diesel locomotive
Supply the player with 10k items delivered by the logistic robots.
Destroy 100 trees by impact.
Construct 100 machines using robots.
Deconstruct 100 objects with the construction robots.
Supply the player by logistic robot.
Produce 1.0k Advanced circuits per hour.
Produce 10k Electronic circuits
Research Oil processing
Produce 20k Iron plates per hour.
Trigger an alien attack by pollution.
Produce 100M Electronic circuits
Finish the game in 15 hours
Finish the game in 8 hours