Here is the full list of all 38 Factorio achievements. It takes around 200 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Get killed by moving Locomotive
Have a train plan a path 1000 tiles or longer.
Build Diesel locomotive
Destroy 10 spawners by impact.
Destroy 100 trees by impact.
Trigger an alien attack by pollution.
Produce 10k Electronic circuits
Research Oil processing
Supply the player by logistic robot.
Produce 20k Iron plates per hour.
Produce 1.0k Advanced circuits per hour.
Deconstruct 100 objects with the construction robots.
Construct 100 machines using robots.
Produce 10k Advanced circuits per hour.
Produce 25k Advanced circuits per hour.
Produce 500 Processing units per hour.
Produce 1.0k Processing units per hour.
Produce 5k Processing units per hour.
Supply the player with 10k items delivered by the logistic robots.
Build Diesel locomotive within first 1 hour and 30 minutes of the game.
Take 500 damage in one hit and survive.
Produce 200k Iron plates per hour
Produce 400k Iron plates per hour.
Win the game by crafting no more than 111 items manually.
Win the game without building Active provider chest and requester chest.
Produce 1M electronic circuits
Produce 100M Electronic circuits
Get 100 combat robots following you
Finish the game
Finish the game in 15 hours
Finish the game in 8 hours
Destroy 10k trees with fire
Win the game without building Laser turret.
Produce more than 10 MJ energy per hour without the usage of Steam engine.
Win the game without using a solar panel.
Research all technologies
Construct more machines using robots than manually.