Here is the full list of all 33 Transistor achievements. It takes around 15-20 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Recurse through the story.
Complete each Performance Test.
Clear every Test.
Achieve User Level 24.
Complete each Agency Test
Unlock every Upgrade Slot and Passive Slot.
Complete each Speed Test.
Clear one of each Test.
Deal at least 2048 damage in one Turn() in the Practice Test.
Deal at least 1024 damage in one Turn() in the Practice Test.
Inspect all completed Function Files.
Create a Function combination requiring 12 MEM.
Inspect 10 completed Function Files.
Inspect all completed Limiter Files.
Complete five encounters with five or more Limiters in use.
Complete five encounters with all 10 Limiters in use.
Complete five encounters with one or more Limiters in use.
Unlock 32 MEM.
Achieve User Level 16.
Inspect five completed Function Files.
Unlock every Process Limiter.
Upgrade a Function with a copy of itself.
Unlock every Transistor Function.
Complete the story.
Confront Royce beyond Cloudbank.
Complete each Stability Test.
Complete each Planning Test.
Confront Grant and Asher at Bracket Towers.
Achieve User Level 8.
Confront the Spine at the Bracket Towers facade.
Use 10 different OVC Terminals.
Confront Sybil at the Empty Set.
Reach the Goldwalk District.