Here is the full list of all 33 Transistor achievements. It takes around 15-20 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Complete five encounters with one or more Limiters in use.
Unlock every Transistor Function.
Create a Function combination requiring 12 MEM.
Complete the story.
Confront Royce beyond Cloudbank.
Complete each Stability Test.
Confront Grant and Asher at Bracket Towers.
Achieve User Level 8.
Confront the Spine at the Bracket Towers facade.
Use 10 different OVC Terminals.
Confront Sybil at the Empty Set.
Reach the Goldwalk District.
Clear one of each Test.
Complete each Speed Test.
Complete each Planning Test.
Complete each Performance Test.
Complete each Agency Test
Deal at least 1024 damage in one Turn() in the Practice Test.
Deal at least 2048 damage in one Turn() in the Practice Test.
Clear every Test.
Recurse through the story.
Complete five encounters with five or more Limiters in use.
Complete five encounters with all 10 Limiters in use.
Inspect five completed Function Files.
Inspect 10 completed Function Files.
Inspect all completed Function Files.
Inspect all completed Limiter Files.
Unlock every Upgrade Slot and Passive Slot.
Unlock 32 MEM.
Upgrade a Function with a copy of itself.
Achieve User Level 16.
Achieve User Level 24.
Unlock every Process Limiter.