Here is the full list of all 33 Transistor achievements. It takes around 15-20 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Deal at least 1024 damage in one Turn() in the Practice Test.
Use 10 different OVC Terminals.
Complete five encounters with one or more Limiters in use.
Confront Sybil at the Empty Set.
Reach the Goldwalk District.
Confront the Spine at the Bracket Towers facade.
Confront Grant and Asher at Bracket Towers.
Confront Royce beyond Cloudbank.
Clear one of each Test.
Complete each Speed Test.
Complete each Stability Test.
Complete each Planning Test.
Complete each Performance Test.
Complete each Agency Test
Deal at least 2048 damage in one Turn() in the Practice Test.
Clear every Test.
Complete the story.
Recurse through the story.
Complete five encounters with five or more Limiters in use.
Complete five encounters with all 10 Limiters in use.
Inspect five completed Function Files.
Inspect 10 completed Function Files.
Inspect all completed Function Files.
Inspect all completed Limiter Files.
Unlock every Transistor Function.
Unlock every Upgrade Slot and Passive Slot.
Unlock 32 MEM.
Upgrade a Function with a copy of itself.
Achieve User Level 8.
Achieve User Level 16.
Achieve User Level 24.
Unlock every Process Limiter.
Create a Function combination requiring 12 MEM.