Here is the full list of all 33 Transistor achievements. It takes around 15-20 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Recurse through the story.
Complete five encounters with all 10 Limiters in use.
Achieve User Level 24.
Complete each Performance Test.
Clear every Test.
Complete each Agency Test
Unlock every Upgrade Slot and Passive Slot.
Inspect all completed Function Files.
Inspect 10 completed Function Files.
Complete each Speed Test.
Complete each Planning Test.
Clear one of each Test.
Create a Function combination requiring 12 MEM.
Unlock 32 MEM.
Achieve User Level 16.
Inspect all completed Limiter Files.
Unlock every Process Limiter.
Inspect five completed Function Files.
Upgrade a Function with a copy of itself.
Complete five encounters with five or more Limiters in use.
Unlock every Transistor Function.
Complete the story.
Confront Royce beyond Cloudbank.
Deal at least 2048 damage in one Turn() in the Practice Test.
Deal at least 1024 damage in one Turn() in the Practice Test.
Complete each Stability Test.
Confront Grant and Asher at Bracket Towers.
Confront the Spine at the Bracket Towers facade.
Achieve User Level 8.
Use 10 different OVC Terminals.
Complete five encounters with one or more Limiters in use.
Confront Sybil at the Empty Set.
Reach the Goldwalk District.