Here is the full list of all 33 Transistor achievements. It takes around 15-20 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Recurse through the story.
Clear every Test.
Complete each Performance Test.
Complete each Speed Test.
Achieve User Level 24.
Complete each Agency Test
Complete each Stability Test.
Clear one of each Test.
Unlock every Upgrade Slot and Passive Slot.
Complete five encounters with all 10 Limiters in use.
Complete five encounters with five or more Limiters in use.
Inspect all completed Limiter Files.
Unlock 32 MEM.
Achieve User Level 16.
Unlock every Process Limiter.
Inspect all completed Function Files.
Upgrade a Function with a copy of itself.
Inspect 10 completed Function Files.
Deal at least 2048 damage in one Turn() in the Practice Test.
Deal at least 1024 damage in one Turn() in the Practice Test.
Complete each Planning Test.
Create a Function combination requiring 12 MEM.
Unlock every Transistor Function.
Inspect five completed Function Files.
Complete the story.
Confront Royce beyond Cloudbank.
Confront Grant and Asher at Bracket Towers.
Achieve User Level 8.
Confront the Spine at the Bracket Towers facade.
Use 10 different OVC Terminals.
Complete five encounters with one or more Limiters in use.
Confront Sybil at the Empty Set.
Reach the Goldwalk District.