Here is the full list of all 17 Subnautica achievements. It takes around 40-50 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Find the Thermal Plant
Find the Primary Containment Facility
Cure the infection
Create and deploy a time capsule
Find the Degasi habitat in the deep grand reef
Launch the neptune rocket
Hatch and release a Cuddlefish
Find the Disease Research Facility
Build a cyclops
Find the Degasi habitat in the jellyshroom caves
Find the Enforcement Platform
Build a prawn suit
Find the Degasi habitat on the floating island
Repair the Aurora reactor
Build a seamoth
Build a habitat
Dive for the very first time