Here is the full list of all 24 SteamWorld Dig achievements. It takes around 10-12 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Complete the game without getting killed once.
Complete the game in less than 2 hours, 30 minutes.
Defeat 10 mecha trilobites before they wake up.
Crush 10 enemies with falling blocks.
Immortalization of a destructible steambot.
Reach the bottom of the world.
Defeat 10 shiners before they wake up.
Buy from all of Tumbleton's shops.
You found Vectron!
Find and sell 8 Uranium ores at the same time.
You found the Old World!
Defeat a turtle submerged in water.
Defeat 10 trilobites before they wake up.
Find and sell 8 Trashium ores at the same time.
You found Archaea!
Complete the game with more than 20000 gold collected in total.
Complete the game with more than 150 orbs collected in total.
Get all four gold stars in the same playthrough.
Destroy two generators before entering Vectron.
Find all secret areas in the caves.
Find and sell 16 Dark Matter ores at the same time.
Maximize all upgrades.
Destroy a laser box.
Dig out 15000 tiles.