Here is the full list of all 51 Starbound achievements. It takes around 200 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Move a planet's worth of blocks. If you weren't using a Matter Manipulator you'd be ripped.
Complete 50 quests for your colonists. When did this become your full time job?
Complete 25 quests for your colonists. These guys sure do ask a lot of you don't they...
Complete 10 quests for your colonists. Feel like an asset to the community!
Attract 10 unique tenants. Marvel at their collective peculiarity.
Unearth 55 unique fossils. Try not to pay attention to the ones that are alarmingly humanoid.
Kill another player. Unity is overrated anyway.
Recruit at least 12 crew members. Consider starting a pension plan.
Recruit one crew member from every race. It's like a teeny tiny protectorate.
Find 100 unique codex items. Study them all, prepare for a pop quiz.
Obtain a complete alpaca costume. Use it only for good!
Collect at least 50 unique action figures. Insist to your friends they're actually called statuettes.
Catch 42 unique bugs. Give them all funny names.
Collect 210 unique pieces of armour. See how many you can wear at the same time. (Spoiler, it's 3).
Complete the Cosmic Museum's cosmic collection.
Destroy a robot chicken. Don't try to eat it.
Complete Mazebound. You only need to beat it 300,000 times to win a slide whistle.
Defeat the Ruin.
Return the Baron to the outpost.
Capture a monster. How does it fit in that tiny ball?
Prepare at least 100 unique dishes. Bonus points if they're edible.
Return Lana Blake to the outpost.
Become champion of the arena. Crush your foes like an orange sorbet.
Kill 100 small flying monsters. They had it coming.
Return Tonauac to the outpost.
Return Koichi to the outpost.
Obtain the mythical perfectly generic item.
Build a large colony. Well done Protector!
Build 5 homes in a very small space. This isn't a healthy way for anyone to live.
Harvest 30 unique crops. Start thinking about who you'd like to romance and that barn extension.
Incapacitate an innocent bystander. You monster.
Defeat the Shockhopper MK I. Notice it rarely hops.
Recruit your first crew member. Captain!
Recruit a penguin mercenary from the Beakeasy.
Defeat the dastardly Dreadwing. Bring joy to penguins everywhere.
Obtain a cool vehicle. Pop some sweet wheelies.
Attract your first colonist. Make sure you treat them right.
Return Nuru to the outpost.
Augment your EPP. Now it's an AEPP.
Restore a complete fossil. Make wild assumptions about what it used to be.
Collect your first musical instrument! Keep playing, even when everyone begs you to stop.
Fix your ship.
Find a Codex. On Earth it's rude to read other people's diaries.
Capture your first bug with a bug net. Esther would be proud.
Meet Esther.
Defeat Mother Poptop. Every Poptop you meet from here on out is a lonely orphan.
Obtain an entire set of armour. Now use dye to make your armour fabulous.
Practice your chef skills. Try not to harm anyone.
Harvest a crop. See what happens when you eat it.
Complete a quest! Joke's on you, there isn't any XP in this game.
Survive the Protectorate. It could have been worse.