Here is the full list of all 51 Starbound achievements. It takes around 200 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Collect 210 unique pieces of armour. See how many you can wear at the same time. (Spoiler, it's 3).
Recruit one crew member from every race. It's like a teeny tiny protectorate.
Collect at least 50 unique action figures. Insist to your friends they're actually called statuettes.
Destroy a robot chicken. Don't try to eat it.
Find 100 unique codex items. Study them all, prepare for a pop quiz.
Catch 42 unique bugs. Give them all funny names.
Obtain a complete alpaca costume. Use it only for good!
Unearth 55 unique fossils. Try not to pay attention to the ones that are alarmingly humanoid.
Complete 50 quests for your colonists. When did this become your full time job?
Prepare at least 100 unique dishes. Bonus points if they're edible.
Move a planet's worth of blocks. If you weren't using a Matter Manipulator you'd be ripped.
Complete 25 quests for your colonists. These guys sure do ask a lot of you don't they...
Capture your first bug with a bug net. Esther would be proud.
Restore a complete fossil. Make wild assumptions about what it used to be.
Attract 10 unique tenants. Marvel at their collective peculiarity.
Harvest 30 unique crops. Start thinking about who you'd like to romance and that barn extension.
Recruit at least 12 crew members. Consider starting a pension plan.
Complete 10 quests for your colonists. Feel like an asset to the community!
Capture a monster. How does it fit in that tiny ball?
Kill another player. Unity is overrated anyway.
Build 5 homes in a very small space. This isn't a healthy way for anyone to live.
Complete the Cosmic Museum's cosmic collection.
Attract your first colonist. Make sure you treat them right.
Build a large colony. Well done Protector!
Complete Mazebound. You only need to beat it 300,000 times to win a slide whistle.
Defeat the Shockhopper MK I. Notice it rarely hops.
Obtain the mythical perfectly generic item.
Defeat the Ruin.
Return the Baron to the outpost.
Kill 100 small flying monsters. They had it coming.
Obtain a cool vehicle. Pop some sweet wheelies.
Incapacitate an innocent bystander. You monster.
Return Lana Blake to the outpost.
Become champion of the arena. Crush your foes like an orange sorbet.
Return Tonauac to the outpost.
Return Koichi to the outpost.
Return Nuru to the outpost.
Recruit a penguin mercenary from the Beakeasy.
Defeat the dastardly Dreadwing. Bring joy to penguins everywhere.
Recruit your first crew member. Captain!
Augment your EPP. Now it's an AEPP.
Fix your ship.
Find a Codex. On Earth it's rude to read other people's diaries.
Obtain an entire set of armour. Now use dye to make your armour fabulous.
Meet Esther.
Practice your chef skills. Try not to harm anyone.
Defeat Mother Poptop. Every Poptop you meet from here on out is a lonely orphan.
Collect your first musical instrument! Keep playing, even when everyone begs you to stop.
Harvest a crop. See what happens when you eat it.
Complete a quest! Joke's on you, there isn't any XP in this game.
Survive the Protectorate. It could have been worse.