Here is the full list of all 51 Starbound achievements. It takes around 200 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Collect 210 unique pieces of armour. See how many you can wear at the same time. (Spoiler, it's 3).
Move a planet's worth of blocks. If you weren't using a Matter Manipulator you'd be ripped.
Catch 42 unique bugs. Give them all funny names.
Collect at least 50 unique action figures. Insist to your friends they're actually called statuettes.
Unearth 55 unique fossils. Try not to pay attention to the ones that are alarmingly humanoid.
Find 100 unique codex items. Study them all, prepare for a pop quiz.
Obtain a complete alpaca costume. Use it only for good!
Restore a complete fossil. Make wild assumptions about what it used to be.
Complete 50 quests for your colonists. When did this become your full time job?
Complete Mazebound. You only need to beat it 300,000 times to win a slide whistle.
Defeat the Shockhopper MK I. Notice it rarely hops.
Defeat the Ruin.
Kill another player. Unity is overrated anyway.
Return the Baron to the outpost.
Become champion of the arena. Crush your foes like an orange sorbet.
Complete the Cosmic Museum's cosmic collection.
Return Lana Blake to the outpost.
Return Tonauac to the outpost.
Prepare at least 100 unique dishes. Bonus points if they're edible.
Obtain the mythical perfectly generic item.
Return Koichi to the outpost.
Complete 25 quests for your colonists. These guys sure do ask a lot of you don't they...
Attract 10 unique tenants. Marvel at their collective peculiarity.
Build a large colony. Well done Protector!
Recruit one crew member from every race. It's like a teeny tiny protectorate.
Recruit a penguin mercenary from the Beakeasy.
Recruit at least 12 crew members. Consider starting a pension plan.
Harvest 30 unique crops. Start thinking about who you'd like to romance and that barn extension.
Kill 100 small flying monsters. They had it coming.
Obtain a cool vehicle. Pop some sweet wheelies.
Complete 10 quests for your colonists. Feel like an asset to the community!
Capture a monster. How does it fit in that tiny ball?
Destroy a robot chicken. Don't try to eat it.
Build 5 homes in a very small space. This isn't a healthy way for anyone to live.
Recruit your first crew member. Captain!
Attract your first colonist. Make sure you treat them right.
Capture your first bug with a bug net. Esther would be proud.
Augment your EPP. Now it's an AEPP.
Return Nuru to the outpost.
Defeat the dastardly Dreadwing. Bring joy to penguins everywhere.
Fix your ship.
Find a Codex. On Earth it's rude to read other people's diaries.
Incapacitate an innocent bystander. You monster.
Obtain an entire set of armour. Now use dye to make your armour fabulous.
Collect your first musical instrument! Keep playing, even when everyone begs you to stop.
Meet Esther.
Practice your chef skills. Try not to harm anyone.
Defeat Mother Poptop. Every Poptop you meet from here on out is a lonely orphan.
Harvest a crop. See what happens when you eat it.
Complete a quest! Joke's on you, there isn't any XP in this game.
Survive the Protectorate. It could have been worse.