Here is the full list of all 51 Starbound achievements. It takes around 200 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Kill another player. Unity is overrated anyway.
Move a planet's worth of blocks. If you weren't using a Matter Manipulator you'd be ripped.
Find 100 unique codex items. Study them all, prepare for a pop quiz.
Recruit one crew member from every race. It's like a teeny tiny protectorate.
Complete 50 quests for your colonists. When did this become your full time job?
Recruit at least 12 crew members. Consider starting a pension plan.
Complete 25 quests for your colonists. These guys sure do ask a lot of you don't they...
Complete 10 quests for your colonists. Feel like an asset to the community!
Collect 210 unique pieces of armour. See how many you can wear at the same time. (Spoiler, it's 3).
Unearth 55 unique fossils. Try not to pay attention to the ones that are alarmingly humanoid.
Obtain a complete alpaca costume. Use it only for good!
Build a large colony. Well done Protector!
Attract 10 unique tenants. Marvel at their collective peculiarity.
Complete the Cosmic Museum's cosmic collection.
Collect at least 50 unique action figures. Insist to your friends they're actually called statuettes.
Catch 42 unique bugs. Give them all funny names.
Restore a complete fossil. Make wild assumptions about what it used to be.
Build 5 homes in a very small space. This isn't a healthy way for anyone to live.
Attract your first colonist. Make sure you treat them right.
Defeat the Ruin.
Return the Baron to the outpost.
Kill 100 small flying monsters. They had it coming.
Return Lana Blake to the outpost.
Become champion of the arena. Crush your foes like an orange sorbet.
Obtain the mythical perfectly generic item.
Prepare at least 100 unique dishes. Bonus points if they're edible.
Destroy a robot chicken. Don't try to eat it.
Harvest 30 unique crops. Start thinking about who you'd like to romance and that barn extension.
Complete Mazebound. You only need to beat it 300,000 times to win a slide whistle.
Obtain a cool vehicle. Pop some sweet wheelies.
Return Tonauac to the outpost.
Defeat the Shockhopper MK I. Notice it rarely hops.
Recruit a penguin mercenary from the Beakeasy.
Defeat the dastardly Dreadwing. Bring joy to penguins everywhere.
Recruit your first crew member. Captain!
Return Koichi to the outpost.
Augment your EPP. Now it's an AEPP.
Return Nuru to the outpost.
Capture your first bug with a bug net. Esther would be proud.
Capture a monster. How does it fit in that tiny ball?
Obtain an entire set of armour. Now use dye to make your armour fabulous.
Incapacitate an innocent bystander. You monster.
Collect your first musical instrument! Keep playing, even when everyone begs you to stop.
Fix your ship.
Practice your chef skills. Try not to harm anyone.
Find a Codex. On Earth it's rude to read other people's diaries.
Defeat Mother Poptop. Every Poptop you meet from here on out is a lonely orphan.
Meet Esther.
Harvest a crop. See what happens when you eat it.
Complete a quest! Joke's on you, there isn't any XP in this game.
Survive the Protectorate. It could have been worse.