Here is the full list of all 20 Spelunky achievements. It takes around 100-120 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Complete 100% of the journal.
Rescue all 16 hidden characters.
Complete the game the hard way.
Play Adventure Mode 1000 times.
Kill 12 or more shopkeepers in one game.
Reach the City of Gold.
Obtain the Ankh.
Complete the game.
Complete the game without using shortcuts.
Reach the Temple.
Win the kapala from Kali.
Rescue 10 or more damsels in one game.
Complete 50% of the journal.
Reach the Ice Caves.
Reach the Jungle.
Beat the Tutorial.
Obtain 500,000 gold.
Complete the game in under 8 minutes. No shortcuts.
Complete the game without collecting any treasure. No shortcuts.
Complete the game with at least two players alive. No shortcuts.