Here is the full list of all 38 Returnal achievements. It takes around 40-50 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Finish Act 2
Defeat Ophion
Finish Calculated Risk
Defeat Hyperion
Achieve Weapon Proficiency level 30
Finish Act 1
Defeat Nemesis
Perform 5 successful Overloads in a row
Have 5 Parasites simultaneously
Unlock all translation tiers of a Xenoglyph
Complete a Xeno-archive set (excluding Tower of Sisyphus)
Defeat Ixion
Achieve 200% Max Integrity
Retrieve 10 Scout Logs
Complete the first House sequence
Defeat Phrike
Learn the basics of survival on Atropos
Scan a Xenoglyph
Achieve maximum Adrenaline Level
Finish Overgrown Ruins Survey
Finish Crimson Wastes Survey
Finish Derelict Citadel Survey
Finish Echoing Ruins Survey
Finish Fractured Wastes Survey
Finish Abyssal Scar Survey
Finish Act 3
Returned by an Artifact
Complete a daily challenge in Simulation Mode
Experience a new cycle after death
Complete all House sequences
Collect all main Achievements
Die and return in the Tower
Defeat Algos' first form
Defeat Algos' final form
Kill 100 Hostiles with Disgorgers
Complete the first Hospital sequence
Open the Locked Door
Gain a moment of peace