Here is the full list of all 12 Machinarium achievements. It takes around 3-4 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Escape the scrapyard
Enter Machinarium
Free yourself and jail mates
Bring the dog to the lady
Win the tic-tac-toe game
Help the musicians
Win all console games
Flood the Blackhats
Disable the bomb
Repair the brain
Rescue Berta
Escape Machinarium