Here is the full list of all 12 Castle of Illusion achievements. It takes around 6-8 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Collected all of Donald's Chili Peppers
Found all the Magic Diamonds
Completed all Castle Statues
Collected all the Magic Playing Cards
Completed a stage in Time Attack mode
Completed the Game
Found 50% of all Magic Diamonds
Bounced on 7 enemies in a row without touching the ground
Broke the illusion of 25 enemies with projectiles
Completed a Castle Statue
Broke the illusion of 75 enemies
Collected 50 Diamonds to unlock your first Painting in the Castle