Here is the full list of all 33 Transistor achievements. It takes around 15-20 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Recurse through the story.
Create a Function combination requiring 12 MEM.
Deal at least 1024 damage in one Turn() in the Practice Test.
Deal at least 2048 damage in one Turn() in the Practice Test.
Achieve User Level 24.
Inspect all completed Function Files.
Inspect 10 completed Function Files.
Complete each Performance Test.
Clear every Test.
Complete each Agency Test
Inspect five completed Function Files.
Inspect all completed Limiter Files.
Unlock every Upgrade Slot and Passive Slot.
Upgrade a Function with a copy of itself.
Clear one of each Test.
Complete each Speed Test.
Complete five encounters with one or more Limiters in use.
Complete five encounters with five or more Limiters in use.
Complete five encounters with all 10 Limiters in use.
Unlock 32 MEM.
Achieve User Level 16.
Unlock every Process Limiter.
Complete each Planning Test.
Complete each Stability Test.
Unlock every Transistor Function.
Complete the story.
Confront Royce beyond Cloudbank.
Confront Grant and Asher at Bracket Towers.
Achieve User Level 8.
Confront the Spine at the Bracket Towers facade.
Use 10 different OVC Terminals.
Confront Sybil at the Empty Set.
Reach the Goldwalk District.