Here is the full list of all 16 The Sentient achievements.
Sent your consciousness back to Earth without the ship.
A crew member gained enough experience to level up.
Spent a research point to improve the ship.
Made a ship ready to conquer the stars.
Successfully cleared a sector.
Returned back to Earth after a successful cleared sector.
Cleared 5 sectors before returning to earth.
Won a battle against an enemy ship.
Unlocked the ability to use power armor.
Unlocked the training necessary to recruit Earth's elite pilots to man the power armor suits.
Unlocked the battleship.
Unlocked the battlecruiser.
Won a battle against an enemy battlecruiser.
Complete a sector with all current crew members dead.
Clear a sector with just one mechanic and one flight crew member.
Have a current crew member die while on the ship.