Here is the full list of all 20 Spelunky achievements. It takes around 100-120 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Reach the Temple.
Complete the game.
Obtain the Ankh.
Play Adventure Mode 1000 times.
Win the kapala from Kali.
Reach the Ice Caves.
Complete 50% of the journal.
Reach the Jungle.
Beat the Tutorial.
Obtain 500,000 gold.
Reach the City of Gold.
Complete the game without using shortcuts.
Complete the game in under 8 minutes. No shortcuts.
Complete the game the hard way.
Complete 100% of the journal.
Rescue 10 or more damsels in one game.
Kill 12 or more shopkeepers in one game.
Complete the game without collecting any treasure. No shortcuts.
Complete the game with at least two players alive. No shortcuts.
Rescue all 16 hidden characters.