Here is the full list of all 18 Sheltered achievements. It takes around 20-25 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Fully upgrade a system
Trap 100 animals on the shelter surface (cumulatively)
Have 5 or more plant stations in the shelter
Travel 1000 miles (cumulatively) on the map
Grow and harvest a plant from the plant station
Collect all 10 tools (on a single game)
Survive 100 days
Search 200 locations (cumulatively)
Subdue an enemy in combat
Travel 500 miles (cumulatively) on the map
Take the RV out on an expedition
Win combat using a gun
Upgrade a system once
Travel 100 miles (cumulatively) on the map
Survive a week
Trap an animal on the shelter surface
Craft your first object/item
Fully upgrade all systems