This is the end result of the Infinity Machine quest event chain. It always spawns in a Blackhole System called "Gargantua", which makes it super easy to find. Requires a level 5 scientist.
It takes some luck as other rewards are different research boosts, but you know you will get it when, after helping it with its research the sphere will move into the blackhole. The hole will shrink to a smaller size and changes its name to Pantagruel, also allow you to build a research station and getting 10 to research production of each type.