Here is the full list of all 12 Castle of Illusion achievements. It takes around 6-8 hours to unlock all of the achievements on Windows.
Completed the Game
Collected all of Donald's Chili Peppers
Broke the illusion of 25 enemies with projectiles
Found 50% of all Magic Diamonds
Broke the illusion of 75 enemies
Completed a Castle Statue
Collected 50 Diamonds to unlock your first Painting in the Castle
Collected all the Magic Playing Cards
Completed all Castle Statues
Found all the Magic Diamonds
Bounced on 7 enemies in a row without touching the ground
Completed a stage in Time Attack mode